Whatever.com has extra cash. It can pay a dividend. It can buy back its own stock. It can buy a competitor.
Example:
Cendant Corporation. Largest fraud case in modern history in corporate America. The company, which owns rental cars and office space and insurance things and travel things, had a nice "subscription-like" business. It wanted more growth. So it bought CUC (Comp-u-card), one of the early AOL partners who used Groupon-like discounting to market to subscription members all around the world. The transaction was done as an MOE, or Merger of Equals, as the market valuations of both companies was about the same at the time.
The problem? CUC was only actually "worth" about 1/5th of the valuation it had convinced Wall Street to accord it, because it had taken massive merger reserves while it had built its own business over time. That is, it grew by acquiring tons of small companies, overstating the banking and "restructuring costs" (i.e., firing people). That number kept growing and growing on the balance sheet, and investors kinda just ignored it.
Eventually, when the real audit was done, the chickens came home to roost (and poop all over the place), and it came clear that the company was only about 1/3 as profitable as it said it was. So the stock prices of the combined companies went from somewhere in the mid $40s to middle-single-digit-midget status.
And yes, there was massive transaction risk there. For way less money, Cendant (which had no fraud) could have bought back half of its own stock and been just fine as a company...but they took the risk and got bitten. Bad.
Related or Semi-related Video
Finance: What is risk premium?0 Views
Finance Allah shmoop What is risk premium No it's not
This movie in three D risk premium comes from the
notion that when you invest in pretty much anything other
than US government debt there is more risk in that
other investment like even by the bonds of Disney or
Coke or GOOG or some other behemoth company of those
bonds carry more risk than US government paper And if
you bought the stocks I even equities not the bonds
of one of those beam off cos Well there's way
more risk Well historically stocks have swung up and down
violently in short periods over time but over long periods
of time they've gone up Ah lot Well regardless where
there is more perceived risk investors will demand more potential
reward Yeah the key idea here every investment carries more
risk than US government paper So on top of whatever
U S Government bonds air yielding investors tag on top
of them a premium investment return that they require to
be interested in investing So if say a five year
U S Government bond is yielding three percent and you're
looking at investing in bonds backed by a controversial low
warlord Somalian company Well there's at least some tangible risk
of bankruptcy there right Well then those bonds will carry
meaningful E a higher yield than the US government five
year paper If the risk that the company doesn't pay
back its bond is modest well then maybe that premiums
only one percent on top and those five year bonds
yield in a four percent If the risk is big
they might have to yield eight or ten or fourteen
percent or more But those were extremely high rates at
least these days The market's telling you that the company
and backing the money already has one foot in the
grave So now let's go to a completely different way
of thinking about this extra risk your local diner Think
of our risk free five year U S Government bonds
of yielding three percent and being priced like a dinner
salad which is the cheapest item on the menu right
here So everything else will cost more than that salad
crew tones included So then when you're ordering if you
wanted a burger it's total gross Cost is seven bucks
But you could also describe that cost to the angry
waitress or friendly robot as dinner salad plus four bucks
The premium tacked onto the salad price is four dollars
for the burger Well risk is priced and described the
same way there has to be added investment return to
reflect the added risk to the investor on any given
deal Be careful though There's inherent risk even if all
you do is order to the salad Especially if there's
been a romaine lettuce E Coli warning recently issued by
the CDC And you do not want to go there 00:02:32.288 --> [endTime] My God
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